WHAT’S NOT TO LOVE about zinnias? Natural seed farmer and breeder Don Tipping of Siskiyou Seeds and I each vote an emphatic “sure” in favor of constructing zinnias part of each backyard yr.
However what goes into creating the variety of zinnia colours and kinds and sizes? And what are some new trying ones that you just would possibly need to strive in 2024?
Don Tipping based Siskiyou Seeds, a household run farm-based seed firm, in 1997. His farm with a view is positioned at 2,000 ft of elevation within the Siskiyou Mountains of southwest Oregon, and has near 1,000 styles of greens, herbs, and flowers in its assortment. As if that weren’t sufficient, Don creates a YouTube channel of how-to movies and a long-running weblog, and hosts a number of on-farm trainings for gardeners and farmers every year.
We talked about that beloved annual flower, the zinnia (that’s ‘Queeny Lime Orange,’ above), and extra.
Plus: Remark within the field close to the underside of the web page to enter to win a $25 present certificates for Siskiyou Seeds.
Learn alongside as you take heed to the Feb. 5, 2024 version of my public-radio present and podcast utilizing the participant beneath. You possibly can subscribe to all future editions on Apple Podcasts (iTunes) or Spotify (and browse my archive of podcasts right here).
zinnias and extra, with don tipping
Margaret Roach: Winter! However I assume it’s seed-selling season, so in all probability not winter, not quiet, for you.
Don Tipping: Yeah.
Margaret: You and I just lately collaborated on a narrative in “The New York Instances,” a backyard column on rising onions and leeks, one thing you taught me find out how to do virtually a decade in the past, find out how to develop them from seed. And so I’ll give a hyperlink to our former dialog, for individuals who need to get began on these earlybird crops. However zinnias: We share this ardour, as I mentioned within the introduction, for zinnias, sure?
Don: Yeah, very a lot so. It looks as if sort of an apparent factor to love, like having vanilla ice cream be your, or I imply chocolate be your favourite sort of ice cream. However I believe as a result of they’ve a lot potential by way of range of flower kinds and colours, I simply preserve coming again to my intrigue with them.
Margaret: Yeah. I imply, I’ve all the time identified them since I first gardened, and but I by no means knew ones just like the styles and sizes and no matter that I’m seeing nowadays. And so, I discover, I see on some catalog web sites that there are some hybrid zinnias, however all of yours, all the Siskiyou Seeds’ styles of every little thing, are open-pollinated, sure?
Don: Appropriate, yeah. And I believe it’s tough; folks need to cut back issues down into binaries of open-pollinated or hybrid. However the reality of the matter is, is that populations are continuously hybridizing, and that’s the place Dr. John Navazio taught me: to make use of the time period proprietary F1 hybrids when referring to these business ones. Whereas zinnias, particularly, as a result of they’ve what are referred to as leaping genes [laughter], they’re transposons, the molecular-biologist time period for them. However mainly, that is how epigenetics present up in flowers, of genes that may be turned on or off.
So, it’s actually tough to stabilize a number of the distinctive variants of zinnias. You actually need to develop 1000’s of vegetation to see that one-in-a-thousand particular person. And simply since you save seed from it doesn’t essentially imply that you just’ve stabilized it and people traits will proceed to specific in subsequent generations.
Margaret: Proper. So, the mum or dad plant, all its infants received’t be an identical, any greater than I don’t appear to be my dad and mom [laughter].
Don: Yeah, precisely.
Margaret: To simplify issues. So, what number of years because you first tinkered with a zinnia, because you let an entire inhabitants develop out in a subject someplace at your home and mentioned, “Ooh, I actually like that one over there. I’m going to avoid wasting seed from that one.” How way back, do you suppose?
Don: Properly, it was kind of an evolution. We used to develop zinnia seed yearly for Seeds of Change [catalog] in massive portions, the place we’d develop 5 or 10 kilos of seed. And once we are doing that, we’re sometimes rising a single coloration. So something that deviated from that, we might truly destroy these vegetation, pull them out by the roots. So then finally, in about 2009, is after I started to comprehend that, oh, these distinctive ones, that is perhaps one thing value saving seed from and truly starting to nudge it in that path, as a result of similar to my analogy with ice cream, you may get vanilla and chocolate wherever.
However distinctive varieties, I believe that’s actually the bread and butter for these small regional seed corporations like Siskiyou Seeds—not providing the same old variety, however having distinctive varieties. Yeah, and it retains it fascinating for me, as a result of I’ve been doing this 30 years, so I’ve received to search out new methods to maintain it thrilling.
Margaret: New adventures. First, there have been, a long time in the past, I don’t even bear in mind the names of the zinnias, after which the ‘Benary’s Giants’ [above] grew to become a factor. However these days, these Queeny Lime ones, those with the phrase queen in them-
Don: Precisely.
Margaret: … are simply so attractive, they usually sort of appeared and everyone, lots of people began promoting them. I can’t discover any info on who bred them or the place they started. I see “the breeder” known as simply “the breeder” in varied catalog descriptions in varied locations, however I don’t see who it was [laughter]. So, that’s been kind of one of many newest in ages.
However you’ve gone off in a path; yours, as you described, a few of them appear to be “undersea creatures,” and simply a few of them come off kind of cactus-shaped flowers and get even wilder and crazier. Yeah? [Below, a couple of flowers from his ‘Tidepool Mix.’]
Don: Properly, I believe you’re truly shining a light-weight on, while you describe a few of these new varieties that present up within the large mainstream catalogs, on a little bit of the underbelly of the largely Dutch flower-seed commerce. And I can’t confirm this, however I need to begin trying and poking round. I’ve heard that they use irradiation to induce polyploidy and novelty in plenty of flower variants, as a result of florists are all the time in search of the brand new factor, and genetics tends to throw out the off varieties. The mutants have a tendency to not categorical readily.
However by way of actually irradiating or doing novel breeding applied sciences like cell fusion and cisgenics, the mainstream business has been tinkering with issues. So, it’s completely different than the standard GMO.
We’re not doing that right here. I’m simply actually combing the fields in search of novelty, and we take little ribbons of surveying tape the place I truly use jewellery luggage which might be like breathable mesh.
So, if I’ve a big inhabitants, let’s say 1,000 vegetation or extra, and I observed a person, zinnias are within the Asteraceae, so that they’re associated to calendula, sunflowers, lettuce, marigolds, chrysanthemum, asters, that sort of factor. And that they extensively open-pollinate, they usually have two varieties of flowers in them. They’ve disc flowers and ray flowers. And if you happen to’ve ever held calendula seed in your hand, you possibly can actually see this, or checked out a zinnia, as an illustration, up shut and see how the disc florets have little yellow flowers that in and of themselves are flowers, which have each female and male flower elements and may pollinate themselves or be cross-pollinated. Whereas the ray florets, what we take a look at as petals.
Margaret: Petals, proper.
Don: … are literally showy bracts, to make use of the botanical time period. These don’t have stamens, so that they don’t make pollen, however they will obtain pollen. So, while you take a look at the calendula seed, again to that instance, you see what appear to be little grey fishhooks, after which bigger buff-colored fishhooks. The little ones are from the disc florets, and the bigger ones are from the ray florets. This differentiation is much less pronounced in zinnias, however if you happen to fastidiously kind out your zinnia seed, you possibly can determine which seeds got here from the disc florets-
Margaret: Wow.
Don: … whereas people who got here from the ray florets.
Margaret: Cool.
Don: So, each time a pollination factor occurs, you’ve gotten an entire myriad of, it might be self-pollinating. So, I’m explaining this to explain the jewellery bag. Why use that? As a result of then you understand that entire plant is self-pollinated, or that flower, and that’s assuming you bought to it earlier than the florets on the disc opened up. So, it’s a must to exit within the morning—when it’s nonetheless sort of cool out and there’s dew—and search for flowers which might be somewhat on the immature aspect, after which put the bag over it after which let it mature. You’re drastically decreasing the quantity of viable seed while you do that, however it’s a solution to start to slim down within the path you need to go.
Margaret: Oh, O.Ok. So, you’re not irradiating, you’re placing jewellery luggage on it.
Don: Yeah.
Margaret: So that you’re making observations and placing ribbons on them and placing jewellery luggage on them [laughter] and so forth, and sort of steering the inhabitants, if you happen to can, in a path that appeals to you. And the assortment of zinnias that you just promote within the Siskiyou catalog, I imply, you’ve gotten some actually enjoyable ones. You do have a kind of Queeny varieties, I neglect which one you’ve gotten. And one other combine that I’ve all the time appreciated, the ‘Jazzy Combine,’ which I believe is so well-named as a result of it’s received such enjoyable kind of colours in it. However you’ve gotten one which I’ve by no means truly grown, referred to as ‘Pink Spider?’ [below]. Inform us about that one. That’s fairly completely different. It seems like a species plant to me, that one. Are you aware what I imply? It looks-
Don: Oh, completely.
Margaret: …very outdated, back-to-the-roots sort of genetics. Yeah.
Don: Properly, you talked about the ‘Jazzy Combine,’ and that’s truly a special species from the standard zinnias that folks develop. So, the standard zinnia that most individuals are conversant in, the Latin identify is Zinnia, the genus, and elegans is the species.
Whereas the genus for the ‘Jazzy Combine’ is Zinnia, as soon as once more, the species identify is haageana, so it’s truly a special species. All of them originated in central Mexico, the place it was mainly a wildflower. And so, the ‘Pink Spider’ is, I believe, actually extra of a progenitor of recent zinnias.
Margaret: Isn’t it like tenuifolia or one thing? It’s like an entire species into itself.
Don: Precisely, yeah. So, the vegetation are extra diminutive. They solely develop 18 to 24 inches tall. They’re all pink. I’ve by no means seen one other one which’s a special coloration. They usually don’t are inclined to thrive as a lot right here, and maybe we stay within the mountains, so possibly it’s our cool nights, whereas subtropical central Mexican highlands is a special local weather than Oregon. However nonetheless, I like rising them only for their novelty. And the petals are usually thinner, so I believe that’s the place the identify spider comes from.
You possibly can consider dahlias, that are additionally native to central Mexico. And if you happen to take a look at the seed-grown varieties, you get to see kind of the parental kinds that gave start to all of the completely different fashionable ones that had been in the end hybrids, after which folks went to tuber copy.
Margaret: Yeah. You’ve some enjoyable with them. I imply, you’ve gotten, talking of ones which might be within the Zinnia elegans, the extra anticipated species or extra frequent species, you chose from one that folks might know, the ‘Peppermint Stick,’ to make one that you just name, I believe ‘Firestarter?’ Is that proper?
Don: Yeah. Properly, this began, Frank Morton and I, we had a dialog of, I simply requested him like, “Hey, the ‘Peppermint Stick’ is 2 completely different colours.” And actually three, there’s kind of yellow and pink, after which white and pink, however there’s additionally kind of a cream and pink in there, which I believe is an middleman one.
Margaret: Yeah, and we must always say Frank is a seed farmer, Wild Backyard Seed. Sure, yeah.
Don: Yeah, thanks for mentioning that. And he’s undoubtedly an expensive pal and mentor of me.
Margaret: And so many.
Don: And an early pioneer.
Margaret: He’s wonderful. Yeah.
Don: And yeah, verify them out earlier than, I believe they’re inching in the direction of retirement, so sort of get it whereas the getting’s good. However we had been joking round. I used to be like, “Hey, have you ever ever considered stabilizing one of many colours?” And he was doing the white and pink. So I used to be like, “Properly, I’ll do the yellow and pink.”
So, we use greenhouses typically if we need to stabilize one thing that’s actually engaging to pollinators, with the pondering that we will management pollination somewhat bit extra. So, the ‘Firestarter’ is actually simply saving seed from essentially the most yellow and pink ones.
And I need to point out a very enjoyable factor, and possibly you’ve observed this in zinnias or different flowers, is that selection particularly tends to provide what are referred to as chimeras. And you too can see leaping genes in motion. So, in my collection of that selection, I await the primary flower to occur, and I solely need to save the vegetation that produce yellow-and-red-striped ones, that actually appear to be both yellow petals that any person took a paintbrush and painted a stripe of pink on them, or indirectly.
So then, I rip out all those which might be white and pink, after which I minimize off all of the flowers of the yellow-red ones, that first flower, as a result of it may have cross pollinated with the white and pink ones. Then, I let all of them flower, and what I’ve seen occur is ones that produce all pink flowers. And earlier than I realized this, I might minimize these off or rip these vegetation out. However then, I started to note, like wow, on the identical plant, they will produce all pink and yellow-and-red-striped. And what that’s, is the plant doesn’t distribute development hormones and its genetic potential equally.
Margaret: Oh.
Don: Similar to we don’t appear to be our siblings, though we technically have the identical genetics. And the opposite factor it’ll do is chimeras, which is, I don’t know if that’s a botanical time period or simply within the flower commerce, one the place the flower is mainly half pink and half one other coloration, like on this occasion, red- and yellow-striped. I’ve tried saving seeds from this, however I don’t suppose chimeras is one thing you could pin down genetically. It simply has to do with development hormones and transposons, and the way genetic potential is distributed in a given plant relying on environmental stresses.
Margaret: Yeah, it’s fairly cool. So, that’s a enjoyable one, ‘Firestarter.’
A few of yours are these mixes, otherwise you typically name them remixes. You’ve one that you just name the ‘Dreamin’ Remix,’ as an illustration. And that was already a cross of elegans, and haageana.
Don: Yeah.
Margaret: That was already a cross of elegans and haageana, that another person did, at Peace Seedlings, Dylana Kapuler. So that you then take a look at the inhabitants and you retain going, yeah? You would possibly preserve going?
Don: Yeah. And this may’t… Perhaps you can describe it as a backcross, so it’s a hybrid between these two zinnia species, then backcross to the ‘Cactus Combine,’ and making an attempt to get my objective with that. And I believe gardeners like novelty, and I attempt to be clear in our catalog to not anticipate each plant to exhibit the identical traits. However you’re certain to, it’s sort of like, I don’t know, Cracker Jacks, you’re going to get a special shock in each field or one thing.
That my objective is to provide one that appears just like the ‘Dreamin’ Combine,’ that Dylana took over from her father, Dr. Alan Kapuler, of that cross. They usually’ve by no means disclosed it’s a cross, however I’ve grown sufficient zinnias the place that’s my hunch, due to that trait that you just see within the ‘Jazzy Combine’ or the ‘Persian Carpet’ sort zinnias.
I need to get one which has that fascinating sort of bullseye sample of various colours on each petal, however with the quilled petal form of the cactus varieties. So, we’ll see. There’s no assure. I believe typically when you’ve gotten a breeding goal, it’s truly counter to the reproductive success of the plant [laughter], and the one approach you be taught that’s by way of trial and error.
Margaret: Yeah. I like the identify of 1 that you’ve got your providing that you just bred, you name it ‘Loopy Legs’ [above]. Inform us about ‘Loopy Legs,’ talking of this kind of cactusy…
Don: Properly, in order that began by rising massive quantities of the ‘Cactus Combine,’ which has a quilled petal form, which the botanical time period would both be revolute, like rolled outwards on itself, or rolled inwards on itself (which is involute).
And I started to note ones that had these different traits. One truly has a botanical identify referred to as fimbriated, the place the petals don’t finish at a tidy level, however are extra splayed out.
After which I observed one the place the petals themselves, as a substitute of rising straight, had been kind of squiggled. And my preliminary breeder’s identify for that was Frippertronics, after Robert Fripp, who was the guitarist for the sort of ’60s, ’70s progressive rock band King Crimson. However my seed workers, who’re all beneath 40 was like, “No, that doesn’t work.”
Margaret: “No, Grandpa.” They mentioned, “No. Grandpa.” Proper? [Laughter.]
Don: Yeah, completely. Properly, and I take these surveying ribbons and I write with a Sharpie on there simply so I can preserve monitor of all these items. So, I used to be like, “O.Ok., you’re going to be Frippertronic,” as a result of he invented the primary digital tape-loop music, simply one thing novel. So, ‘Loopy Legs’ was a extra descriptive identify. ‘Loopy Legs’ is a fuchsia one. I’ve cream-colored model in improvement and an orange one in improvement and a yellow one. However these aren’t stabilized but.
Margaret: Properly, they’re enjoyable and wild as is your one I discussed earlier than, the one which kind of seems like undersea anemones, the ‘Tidepool Combine.’
Don: Yeah.
Margaret: So, earlier than we take up on a regular basis with zinnias, I need to simply ask you about what else are you enthusiastic about in the intervening time? As a result of it sounds such as you’re nonetheless taking part in with zinnias. Are there different issues that you just’re…
Don: Properly, yearly we choose three or 4 issues to do selection trials on, and that permits us right here on the farm to essentially use the farm not only for seed manufacturing, but additionally as a analysis and improvement facility. So, those we’re doing for that this yr are radicchios, as a result of there’s an entire development beginning there and we simply need to be taught as a lot as we will to develop as a lot range. After which we are going to supply that blend as a seed crop for 2025, which feels bizarre to say that.
After which, we’re additionally doing carrots, however just like zinnias, not many individuals develop China asters, however they’re simply as simple to develop and I believe simply as spectacular. And I believe it might be one of many subsequent large issues for dwelling gardeners and small-scale farmer-florists.
Margaret: I believe these are, what Callistephus, is that the genus? Callistephus, I believe.
Don: Yeah.
Margaret: Yeah. They usually’re stunning flowers. And talking of issues that may come in numerous flower kinds, they will appear to be an enormous double chrysanthemum [below, ‘Tower Chamois’ China aster] or they will look ethereal and, I don’t even know find out how to say with simply, I don’t know, simply so effusive, a few of them.
Don: Precisely.
Margaret: So that they actually, they are often fairly completely different.
Don: Yeah. And I’m simply now pondering they’d make a wonderful companion, like some cool variant combine with the ‘Tidepool Combine’ zinnia. And possibly for some future Octopus’ Backyard assortment or one thing.
Margaret: Oh, I like that. The Octopus’s Backyard assortment. Yeah, a lot of tentacles [laughter].
Don: Yeah.
Margaret: ‘Loopy Legs.’ Numerous ‘Loopy Legs.’ Yeah. Good. O.Ok. So, these are three issues: radicchio, carrots, China asters.
Don: Yeah. After which, one other factor sort of, just like the zinnias that I’ve been engaged on, is a striped kernel candy corn that I name ‘Starburst Choose.’ And also you see this trait in flour corn, some Native communities name it chin-mark corn, named after the cultural custom of tattooing girls in a number of the Northwest tribes. However mainly, on the stage of consuming, I’ve this selection in improvement that may be a candy corn, and while you eat it, every kernel seems like any person took a small paintbrush and drew somewhat starburst of pink on it.
And I’m 85 p.c of the best way there of getting a spread that, so far as I do know, has by no means existed earlier than, and I don’t know why, as a result of it wasn’t that arduous to create. So, that’s thrilling. And we provide seed of that. We all the time promote out. It’s very restricted amount proper now.
Margaret: Huh. Fascinating. You’ve executed loads through the years with flour corns, those as in you’d make meal or flour out of them, not flower corns.
Don: Yeah.
Margaret: Very colourful, a few of them have been very colourful, that are simply stunning as nicely. And I believe it looks as if you’ve been including some medicinal herbs to the catalog as nicely, yeah?
Don: Yeah. And as a seed firm, we have now what we’re enthusiastic about, however we even have to answer the place the tradition goes. And that’s one thing I’ve observed an enormous resurgence in curiosity in folks rising their very own medicinal herbs. So I’ve an worker who has some expertise with that, Taryn Hunter, who I’ve actually simply tasked with determining what’s the new herbs to develop, what ought to we be both rising. Or we additionally work with a terrific firm out of Washington referred to as Mates of the Timber Botanicals, and that’s Michael Pilarski who goes by the identify Skeeter, who’s one in every of our permaculture elders right here within the Northwest. They usually develop and harvest medicinal herb seed that we provide.
Margaret: Properly, plenty of enjoyable decisions. As I mentioned, there’s like 1,000 issues in your assortment and possibly 700 in any given yr being provided. I’m so glad to talk to you; I all the time be taught from you, Don, and I hope that we’ll preserve the teachings going for extra years to come back. So, thanks, thanks, and have an excellent seed-selling season, huh
Don: Thanks a lot.
extra from don tipping
The Siskiyou web site
Our earlier dialog about rising onions (and leeks) from seed
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